Drugs, cigarettes, vaping and alcohol: A short PSHE unit of 7 x fully resourced PSHE lessons. Each includes: 1 hour PowerPoint, worksheets, clips, differentiated / scaffolded fully for MA,LA or Core. Includes: Drugs introduction (2 hours) Vaping + E-Cigs Drugs - legal classifications Alcohol, risk, parties + danger Cannabis in focus Nitrous Oxide Prescription drugs and antibiotics Many more inexpensive and free resources at my shop: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :) Or you can check out some of our most popular PSHE, Citizenship and RE resources below: Mental Health PSHE Bundle 1 Whole Year of PSHE Resources British Values Citizenship Bundle Careers, Employment and Enterprise Bundle Islam Bundle Sex and Relationships Education

Perfect for meeting the new PSHE Statutory guidelines, this pack has been created from the popular EC Resources PSHE lessons to match one of the new PSHE Association optional frameworks - the ‘Thematic Framework’ from their model programme builder. This is one of a variety of ways to order your PSHE content and follows the PSHE Association’s new, suggested order for content within their three categories: Living in the Wider World, Relationships and Health and Wellbeing. PSHE Association Theme: Spring 2 Health and Wellbeing Topic – Health and Puberty Healthy routines, influences on health, puberty, unwanted contact, and FGM This pack is mapped against the latest DfE guidance and uses the PSHE Association Core themes (code references: H5, H13, H14, H15, H16, H17, H18, H20, H22, H34) for the 2020 Requirements (Statutory Health and RSE). Learning Outcomes for this unit: How to make healthy lifestyle choices including diet, dental health, physical activity and sleep How to manage influences relating to caffeine, smoking and alcohol How to manage physical and emotional changes during puberty, maintaining good personal hygiene How to recognise and respond to inappropriate and unwanted contact About FGM and how to access help and support All lessons are editable, differentiated at least three ways so you can be Ofsted and DfE guidance-ready and ensure your pupils have the very best PSHE education. Each pack contains a variety of activities, an hour-long PowerPoint, a clip with questions, a literacy focus task, new key-term introductions, reading aloud materials, assessment opportunities, progress checkers and creative tasks. Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The Children’s Commissioner, The Bank of England, MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK. Check out our PSHE Packages here: Complete KS3 PSHE and RSE Complete KS4 PSHE and RSE One Year of KS5 PSHE and RSE One Year of Citizenship and British Values Complete Year 7 and 8 RE Complete Careers and Employability AQA Citizenship GCSE Mega Pack The rest of the Thematic Packages can be found here: You can contact us at info@ecpublishing.co.uk Teaching PSHE, RE or Citizenship GCSE next year? Why not join our Citizenship and PSHE teachers Facebook group, with 7000 other teachers, for guidance, advice and resource sharing.

Perfect for meeting the new PSHE Statutory guidelines, this pack has been created from the popular EC Resources PSHE lessons to match the one of the new PSHE Association optional frameworks - the ‘Thematic Framework’ from their model programme builder. This is one of a variety of ways to order your PSHE content and follows the PSHE Association’s new, suggested order for content within their three categories: Living in the Wider World, Relationships and Health and Wellbeing. PSHE Association Theme: Autumn 2 Living in the Wider World Topic – Skills and Aspirations Careers, teamwork and enterprise skills, and raising aspirations. **This pack is mapped against the latest DfE guidance and uses the PSHE Association Core themes (code references: R15, R39, L1, L4, L5, L9, L10, L1) for the 2020 Requirements (Statutory Health and RSE). ** Learning Outcomes for this unit Describe to be enterprising, including skills of problem-solving, communication, teamwork, leadership, risk-management, and creativity Describe a broad range of careers and the abilities and qualities required for different careers Explain equality of opportunity, how to challenge stereotypes, Describe how to broaden our horizons and how to identify future career aspirations Explain the link between values and career choices All lessons are editable, differentiated at least three ways so you can be Ofsted and DfE guidance-ready and ensure your pupils have the very best PSHE education. Each pack contains a variety of activities, an hour-long PowerPoint, a clip with questions, a literacy focus task, new key-term introductions, reading aloud materials, assessment opportunities, progress checkers and creative tasks. Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The Children’s Commissioner, The Bank of England, MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK. Check out our PSHE Packages here: Complete KS3 PSHE and RSE Complete KS4 PSHE and RSE One Year of KS5 PSHE and RSE One Year of Citizenship and British Values Complete Year 7 and 8 RE Complete Careers and Employability AQA Citizenship GCSE Mega Pack The rest of the Thematic Packages can be found here: You can contact us at info@ecpublishing.co.uk Teaching PSHE, RE or Citizenship GCSE next year? Why not join our Citizenship and PSHE teachers Facebook group, with 7000 other teachers, for guidance, advice and resource sharing.

Revision Success: A selection of highly-rated lessons and tools to help students succeed in exams, revise effectively, be prepared, well-organised and confident. These resources focus on the best way to revise, the different revision styles - what has been proven to work vs what doesn't, managing your time, building up your confidence and memory to succeed in exams and setting yourself personal goals and smart targets for revision, exam success and more. Each one lasts an hour and could be used in three 20 min tutor time sessions a week for a Study Skills focus. It also focuses on how you can use the power of the mind to achieve success through self discipline and having a 'can-do' growth mindset. There is also a lesson on stress management and developing self discipline for any situation, including sticking to revision timetables! These are designed to be used in form time but could be used in parts of any lesson. Our PSHE / Citizenship resources have been designed to be engaging, detailed and easy to follow. All our resources are editable (so easy to adapt for your classes) and are designed to last one hour each. You can find many more inexpensive and free PSHE, Citizenship and RE resources at my shop: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :) Or you can check out some of our most popular PSHE, Citizenship and RE resources below: Mental Health PSHE Bundle 1 Whole Year of PSHE Resources British Values Citizenship Bundle Careers, Employment and Enterprise Bundle Islam Bundle Sex and Relationships Education 20s5

PSHE planning for bullying - more now added! 12x fully resourced, highly rated lessons all complete with starters, worksheets, clips, differentiated to three levels throughout and one assembly. Perfect for anti-bullying week. The lessons and assembly focus on not just the obvious things like how bullying is wrong, but why people do it, the different ways people discriminate against each other, cyber bullying, where misconceptions about difference originate from and how people have overcome prejudice and adversity. Suitable for KS3/4 (and a couple suitable for upper KS2 as well) but could be adapted. I use all of these myself as a Head of PSHE and I really hope you find them excellent value. 1. Cyberbullying 2. Bullying or Banter 3. Racism 4. Homophobia 5. Peer Pressure 6. Transphobic bullying 7. Sexism + gender based bullying 8. Conflict management 9. Toxic and genuine friendships 10. Body Shaming 11. Anti-Bullying Week Assembly 12. Showing Respect 13. Lower ability / Year 6/7 Bullying introduction 14. Microaggressions, offensive language and bullying Many more inexpensive and free resources at my shop including new PSHE home learning packs: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :)

A unit of new mental health PSHE lessons, all editable and ready to go, highly-rated and easy to pick up and use. Suitable for KS3/KS4 and perfect for a mental health and well-being PSHE unit. Lessons included: 1) Mental Health introduction 2) Mental health and stigma 3) Mental health and loneliness 4) Mental health and social media 5) mental health and self-harm 6) mental health day 2024 (mental health at work and in the wider world) 7) Mental health, body image and social media 8) Mental health, gratefulness and gratitude 9) Mental health and happiness 10) mental Health and eating disorders These lessons are taken from the EC Publishing Complete Secondary Package which can be found at our the EC Publishing website. Find more lessons on everything from RSE, misogyny, masculinity and Andrew Tate to jobs, consent, stereotyping, employment and careers, dating, love, drugs, alcohol, vaping, sleep, mental health and wellbeing, extremism, pornography, gender and transgender prejudice, racism, British Values, living in the wider world, sexual health, equality and diversity, STIs, contraception, sex and relationships visit our store. Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The Children's Commissioner, MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK.

NEW 2024 EC Publishing PSHE Scheme of Work for Year 11 Term 1 - Health and Wellbeing. Fits both the 2020 and the draft 2024 guidance, created for the all-new EC Publishing 2024 Complete PSHE Package. This scheme of work includes: PSHE DfE / PSHE Association statutory content mapping British Values mapping Protected Characteristics mapping Detailed explanation of all lessons in the scheme, including scaffolding and assessment opportunities, additional challenge opportunities, learning intentions and objectives, approximate timings, key terminology and opportunities to build upon prior knowledge. Includes full scheme of work and all lesson plans. This scheme is taken from the new EC Publishing Complete PSHE Package which can be found at the EC Publishing website. Everything is editable and easy to pick up and run with and includes future DfE updates too. This has been written to cover the 2020-24 PSHE guidance from the DfE and PSHE Association for RSE, including all of the draft 2024 updates. You can contact us at info@ecpublishing.co.uk Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The Children’s Commissioner, The Bank of England, The British Legion, MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK. Please visit our Tes store https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/EC_Resources for everything PSHE, RSE, RE and Citizenship. We still offer a free lesson of your choice for each time you leave a review! Just email info@ecpublishing.co.uk Check out our PSHE Packages on Tes here: Complete KS3 PSHE and RSE Complete KS4 PSHE and RSE Complete KS5 PSHE and RSE One Year of Citizenship and British Values Complete KS3 RE Complete Careers and Employability AQA Citizenship GCSE Mega Pack Teaching PSHE, RE or Citizenship GCSE next year? Why not join our Citizenship and PSHE teachers Facebook group, with 12,000 other teachers, for guidance, advice and resource sharing.

10 x fully resourced lessons with a focus on crime - from county lines to acid attacks. All are differentiated to three levels of progress throughout and include accompanying worksheets, clips and challenge questions. Perfect for KS3 / KS4 Citizenship and easily edited. 1. Crime and punishment 2. Crime, youth crime and the age of criminal responsibility 3. Youth crime and gang crime 4. Law and criminal /civil courts 5. Knife Crime 6. Anti-Social Behaviour 7. The Criminal Justice System 8. Acid Attacks - the latest criminal trend 9. County Lines - Drugs, Gangs and Exploitation 10. The Death Penalty - a history of and exploration of arguments for and against Many more inexpensive and free PSHE, GCSE Citizenship and RE resources at my shop: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :)

9 HOUR UNIT (more added!) Nine PSHE / RSE lessons all with a focus on relationships and conflict. These lessons are perfect for covering the PSHE Association’s recommended guidance on domestic conflict, abusive relationships, managing relationships with family and friends and acquiring life-long conflict management skills. The six lesson packs are complete with at least one hour-long powerpoint, accompanying differentiated worksheets, clip links with questions, plenaries, clear LOs and starters. All are well differentiated to three levels throughout to enable clear evidence of progress for all students. These resources have been highly-rated individually by TES users, follow the same consistent format and are easy to follow. There is zero extra work required, although each lesson is still completely editable too. I use all of these myself as a Head of PSHE and Citizenship and I really hope you find them excellent value. Please leave me a review and I’ll send you any other resource of your choice for free. Many more inexpensive or free resources at my shop: EC_Resources

More added! Key Stage 3 / Key stage 4. Eleven fully resourced, highly rated, RSE/PSHE lessons focusing on both sexual health, relationships and sexuality. All are well differentiated to three challenge levels throughout. All lesson packs include Powerpoints, starters, clips and worksheets: 1. Pornography 2. Sexting 3.Consent 4.STIs 5. STI clinics, advice and treatment 6. Same sex relationships 7. Revenge Porn 8. Dangers of online pornography and the brain 9. Chem Sex 10. Types of relationships (sexuality and non traditional) 11. Optional PSHE assessment + display material Variety of different level tasks for MA,LA or Core Designed to fit Ofsted criteria for' Good' or above. Many more inexpensive and free resources at my shop: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :)

MORE ADDED! 12 x 1 hour (in 9 packs) PSHE , Digital Citizenship or Tutor Time sessions with a focus on body Image and the body changes young people face through puberty. This 11 lesson pack focuses on media influence, how young people feel about their bodies, how diversity and variety is normal, male and female body image, impact on mental health and the rise of selfie culture. It also includes an optional assessment pack you can use at the end of the unit. EC Resources are the top Tes PSHE provider and have created content for the Children’s Commissioner, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov), MACs charity and other institutions and charities across the UK. All of our content is editable, so you can adapt it to suit your school. Please leave me a review and I’ll send you any other resource of your choice for free. Many more inexpensive and free resources at my shop: (http://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/EC_Resources) Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :)

New KS5 PSHE / RSE mini unit of 8 lessons (10 hours). These lessons were created specifically for KS5 to fit with the newly released DfE guidelines for Relationships and Sex Education in UK schools, set to become statutory 2020. They all work as standalone lessons but also make up part of the Complete KS5 Package available here. The EC Resources Complete Secondary PSHE 2020 KS3 / KS4 set is available here. **The lessons included are: Coercive and Controlling relationships- what are these, how are they abusive? What are the red flags and where can you go for help? Date Rape and Sexual Assault - what are these, how do they often happen? What does the law say about date rape and sexual assault? Are there any red flags we can look out for to help protect ourselves and our friends? Sexuality - gender, transgender and orientation Students will explore new key terminology before investigating the key components of identity and sexual orientation, why some people still find some of the ideas behind this controversial (such as pronoun use) and then educate other students on a trait they will be working on and presenting in small groups (all information needed is included). Toxic Masculinity and its effects This lesson covers how toxic masculinity affects both males and their relationships with those around them. There is a big emphasis on the positive aspects of masculinity too and these can be embraced and used to live happy, out-going lives achieve success without treading on others, as toxic masculinity does. Sexual Health, STI’s and Clinics. All about STIs, STI clinics (GUM clinics), the importance of testing, where we can access help, advice and treatment, difficult conversations in relationships and how to approach them, the effects of different STIs and how we can keep excellent sexual health. 2 hour all about: 1) unplanned pregnancies, the options available to those who find themselves in this position, e.g abortion and adoption, where further support can be found and your legal and financial entitlements. 2) Miscarriages - what these are, the symptoms, the different reasons why these happen and the effects they can have on people as well as where further support and advice can be found. How does the representation of sex and relationships in the media affect us? **** All lessons include a well differentiated PowerPoint, detailed worksheets, information sheets, engaging activities, clips and accompanying question tasks. Many more PSHE Resources available at my store here. Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The Children’s Commissioner, The Bank of England MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK. Check out our PSHE Packages here: Complete KS3 PSHE and RSE Complete KS4 PSHE and RSE One Year of KS5 PSHE and RSE One Year of Citizenship and British Values Complete Year 7 and 8 RE Complete Careers and Employability AQA Citizenship GCSE Mega Pack You can contact us at info@ecpublishing.co.uk Teaching PSHE, RE or Citizenship GCSE next year? Why not join our Citizenship and PSHE teachers Facebook group, with 6000 other teachers, for guidance, advice and resource sharing.

10 x fun, interactive and fun quizzes suitable for Form Time / Tutor Time. This pack includes: British Values quiz Tutor Time LGBT Awareness quiz collection Big PSHE Quiz A Politics Quiz (individual worksheet quiz to find out your political leanings). PSHE Debate generator KS3 Careers and Employability Quiz Internet Safety Quiz PSHE Debate generator KS4 Christmas / end of year quiz Each of the quizzes are completely editable and designed to be light-hearted, informative and fun (as well as educational!) If you like this, you can check out more of our whole school, Citizenship and PSHE resources here: WHOLE SCHOOL RESOURCES

8 x fun, interactive and editable PSHE and Citizenship quizzes suitable for Form Time / Tutor Time or end of term activities. This pack includes: British Values Quiz Politics Quiz Giant PSHE / RSE Quiz Online safety PSHE Debate Generator LGBT+ Quiz Pack Tutor Time Quiz Mental Health Quiz Online Safety Quiz End of Year Quiz 2024 Careers Quiz Healthy Eating Quiz RSE Quiz Puberty Quiz Each of the quizzes are completely editable and designed to be light-hearted, informative and fun (as well as educational!) If you like this, you can check out more of our whole school, RE, Tutor Time, Citizenship GCSE and PSHE Curriculum planning resources here: MORE WHOLE SCHOOL, PSHE, RE and Citizenship GCSE RESOURCES

17 x essential SMSC assemblies for any secondary school. These assemblies have gained excellent reviews so far and are all editable and adaptable. They are best suited to KS3 / KS4. Each one is 15-20 minutes long and is very easy to follow, with clips, stories and funny parts but also important and memorable advice for students. Included: Resilience Assembly Achievement and Aspiration Assembly Attendance Assembly Anti-bullying Assembly Mental Health Assembly Behaviour Assembly Inequality Assembly Fake News Assembly Brexit Assembly Kindness Assembly Careers Assembly Autism Awareness Assembly Black History Assembly Fresh Starts Assembly Mental Health / Exam stress assembly End of Term Assembly Safer Internet Day Loads more resources for Whole School, PSHE, RSE, Citizenship, SMSC and RE here: Many more inexpensive and free resources at my shop: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :)

Perfect for meeting the new PSHE Statutory guidelines, this pack has been created from the popular EC Resources PSHE lessons to match one of the new PSHE Association optional frameworks - the ‘Thematic Framework’, from their model programme builder. This is one of a variety of ways to order your PSHE content and follows the PSHE Association’s new, suggested order for content within their three categories: Living in the Wider World, Relationships and Health and Wellbeing. PSHE Association Theme: Autumn 2 Living in the Wider World Topic – Financial Decision Making The impact of financial decisions, debt, gambling and the impact of advertising on financial choices **This pack is mapped against the latest DfE guidance and uses the PSHE Association Core themes (code references: H25, R38, L16, L17, L18, L19, L20, L25) for the 2020 Requirements (Statutory Health and RSE). ** Learning Outcomes for this unit how to effectively budget and evaluate savings options how to prevent and manage debt, including understanding credit rating and pay day lending how data is generated, collected and shared, and the influence of targeted advertising how thinking errors, e.g. gambler’s fallacy, can increase susceptibility to gambling strategies for managing influences related to gambling, including online about the relationship between gambling and debt about the law and illegal financial activities, including fraud and cybercrime how to manage risk in relation to financial activities All lessons are editable, differentiated at least three ways so you can be Ofsted and DfE guidance-ready and ensure your pupils have the very best PSHE education. Each pack contains a variety of activities, an hour-long PowerPoint, a clip with questions, a literacy focus task, new key-term introductions, reading aloud materials, assessment opportunities, progress checkers and creative tasks. Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The Children’s Commissioner, The Bank of England, MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK. Check out our PSHE Packages here: Complete KS3 PSHE and RSE Complete KS4 PSHE and RSE One Year of KS5 PSHE and RSE One Year of Citizenship and British Values Complete Year 7 and 8 RE Complete Careers and Employability AQA Citizenship GCSE Mega Pack The rest of the Thematic Packages can be found here: You can contact us at info@ecpublishing.co.uk Teaching PSHE, RE or Citizenship GCSE next year? Why not join our Citizenship and PSHE teachers Facebook group, with 7000 other teachers, for guidance, advice and resource sharing.

**A bundle of KS2 Primary resources which are all created to fit with the new PSHE Association guidance and the DfE statutory 2020 changes for PSHE. This particular pack covers wellbeing. ** Suitable for KS2 or KS3 students (lower ability), all editable and three-way differentiated. All lessons include: a 1-2 hour PowerPoint, worksheets, clip links with questions, differentiated activities, starter activity and clear measurable learning outcomes, new key-term introductions, group presentation materials and creative tasks. All lessons are fully editable, engaging and very easy to follow. Please note this is an updated version of one of our previous primary lessons. Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The Children’s Commissioner, The Bank of England, MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK. You can contact us at info@ecpublishing.co.uk** Teaching PSHE, RE or Citizenship GCSE next year? Why not join our Citizenship and PSHE teachers Facebook group, with 7000 other teachers, for guidance, advice and resource sharing.

11 (more added) HOURS of resources to meet the PSHE 2020 guidelines and a PSHE assessment! - Fully resourced unit including: 11 x hours of detailed PowerPoints with accompanying deatiled worksheets, clips, activities, all differentiated fully -different level tasks for MA,LA or Core. Suitable for either PSHE or ASDAN. Many more inexpensive and free resources at my shop: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :)

16 hours of fully resourced PSHCE lesson packs which all have a focus on our legal rights as UK citizens. From employment and consumer law to CSE, voting rights, anti-social behaviour laws and age of criminal responsibility, this pack contains thorough coverage of both our rights and responsibilities under the British Law. All lesson packs are complete with a detailed PowerPoint, accompanying differentiated worksheets, clip links with questions, plenaries, clear LOs and starters. All are well differentiated to three levels throughout to enable clear evidence of progress for all students. Included: Our employment rights and responsibilities Health and Safety laws in the UK UK drugs laws Our rights in civil and criminal courts and the differences between these. Anti-social behaviour and the law CSE (child sexual exploitation) and the law Free Press and Media UK Laws Controlling relationships under UK law Age of criminal Responsibility (English focus) Our legal rights in UK democracy and how it works Forced and arranged marriages and the law Hate Crime and UK laws Cyber Crime and UK law How the UK law and legal system works Our legal entitlements in trade unions Our rights under UK law as consumers Many more inexpensive PSHE, RE and Citizenship GCSE free resources at my shop: EC_Resources Leave me a review and pick any other resource for free :)

8 hours of fully resourced KS2 lesson packs which all have a focus on emotional literacy, emotional vocabulary and how to accept and manage emotions successfully. Created to fit the new DfE and PSHE Association statutory 2020 guidelines. All lesson packs are complete with a detailed PowerPoint, accompanying differentiated worksheets, clip links with questions, plenaries, clear LOs and starters. All are well differentiated to three levels throughout to enable clear evidence of progress for all students. Who are EC Resources? EC Resources are the top TES PSHE providers and are a group of teachers who work together to create easy to use, high quality and editable lessons and units of work. We have created lessons for The bank of England, The Children’s Commissioner, The Bank of England, MACS Charity, Tes, LikeToBe Careers, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (UK Gov) and have also completed PSHE and Citizenship commissions for schools across the UK. You can contact us at info@ecpublishing.co.uk Teaching PSHE, RE or Citizenship GCSE next year? Why not join our Citizenship and PSHE teachers Facebook group, with 7000 other teachers, for guidance, advice and resource sharing.